2. Making them available for research is the next important step.
I am glad that the Ministry of External Affairs, for the first time, took
a major step, in making available a very large body of its records
throwing light on the events since 1947. So far, the scholars working
on India's foreign relations had to depend on the newspaper reports
and other material available in the public domain to articulate the
Indian position on bilateral and international issues. Quite often,
the assessment based on secondary sources, resulted in not-soflattering
conclusions. With the availability of the records now, there
would be a fresh impetus to undertake a rigorous research on
India's foreign relations.
3. In my three-decade service with the Ministry of External Affairs
in various capacities, I dealt with a variety of issues. When
preparing notes or briefs, at short notice, which invariably was the
case, I faced the problem of getting hold of the earlier records,
which were needed to make an in-depth analysis and a sound
judgement of the issues under consideration. Since time was the
essence, willy-nilly one had inevitably to make do with the papers/
reports readily available. It was not the ideal situation, but one had
to be content, to make do, with what was readily available. While
still in service, I had decided to make up for this deficiency after
retirement by undertaking the publication of documents in original,
in readily available volumes. Therefore when I retired in 1993, I
decided to redeem my promise made to myself.
4. Looking back, at the two decades of my retirement, I am happy
to say, that I am not disappointed with myself. Before undertaking
the present study, I published three separate compendiums of
documents on India's relations with Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka in Five Volumes each. The present ten volumes give me
the satisfaction of having covered India's relations with four of its
major neighbours.
5. Separately, I took the initiative to publish each year a volume
on 'India's Foreign Relations' in cooperation with the Public
Diplomacy Division of the Ministry of External Affairs. As of today,
ten volumes in this series, covering the period 2002 to 2011 have
been published. These volumes showcase the documents bearing
on India's foreign relations each year. Given the enlarged scope
of foreign relations in the globalised world, several Ministries and
Departments of the Government of India, besides, the Ministry of
External Affairs contribute to the conduct of foreign relations, which
are today multi-faceted. While the Ministry of External Affairs
determines the broad framework and contours of the foreign policy
and diplomacy, and is also the principal player in that field, several
other Ministries and Departments complement its efforts in their
respective spheres of activity. Foreign relations are no longer an
instrument for interaction at diplomatic level alone. One looks up
to them for procuring the sinews for development and progress in
trade and industry, science and technology, education and
agriculture and various other fields, like energy, climate change,
investments etc. In short foreign relations are a product and
interplay of multiple forces impinging on and promoting the country's
national interest.
6. Before undertaking the present study on Pakistan, I had
several hesitations and reservations. Enough material was not
available in the earlier years. Given the scope and extent of India
- Pakistan relations, in comparison to other neighbours, it was a
daunting task. But Shri Shivshankar Menon, who as High
Commissioner in Pakistan insisted that having successfully done
similar projects on Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, I had
gathered enough experience, which I should put to some more
use. Soon thereafter, Shri Menon assumed the charge of Foreign
Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs. It was about this time
that the Ministry under him, appreciating the need for transparency
in administration in the age of RTI, and aware that in the absence
of hard information, Indian story suffered by default, together with
the argument of the research scholars and historians, that the
classification of records was time related and lost its sensitivity
once the operational requirement was over, decided to make
available a substantial body of the Ministry's records for research.
As luck would have it, I found that a large number of senior officials
who in the last few decades had played crucial role in the conduct
of India's foreign relations, particularly with Pakistan, had deposited
their private papers with the Archives of the Nehru Memorial
Museum and Library at Teen Murti House in New Delhi. These
papers belonged principally to P. N. Haksar, B. K. Nehru, T. N.
Kaul, Y.D. Gundevia, Subimal Dutt and others and contained the
correspondence, which threw fresh light on the subject of my
immediate interest. These papers gave a very rich harvest, which
in my opinion, has substantially enhanced the utility of the present
effort. Encouraged by these developments, I decided to take the
plunge. Five years of sustained work has enabled the study to see
the light of the day and I feel satisfied and redeemed.
7. The arrangement of the documents presented a peculiar
difficulty. In most of them, particularly in the letters exchanged between
the leaders of the two countries and in the transcript of their discussions,
there were always more than one subject and it was not possible to
segregate them. Broad issues like Kutch, the Indus and the Ganga
Waters, evacuee property, issues relating to the Minorities, Financial
issues, Border demarcation, Passport and Visa etc., have been
grouped separately under relevant heads. But there were many other
issues, of which, documents could not form an independent group.
These have been placed under the head 'Political Relations'. Even
in the case of groups, which have been independently dealt with, a
lot of material relevant to them, will be found in the papers under the
head-'Political Relations'. All the ten volumes, however, form one
single unit and should be taken as that only.
8. Kashmir has been and continues to be the core of the entire
India - Pakistan discourse and Pakistan did not hesitate to raise it
every time and any time there was a handshake. Placing of these
documents presented its own difficulty. The documents which are
purely Kashmir related have been put under the head 'Kashmir'.
But where Kashmir becomes part of the India - Pakistan narrative,
I have taken the liberty of placing them under the head 'Political
Relations'. Needless to say, Kashmir will be found at all the places
and everywhere in these volumes. It is likely that the users of these
volumes may have to struggle a little bit to lay their hands on the
entire range of material while studying any particular subject. They
will kindly bear with me with some patience.
9. When I started on this project, I had thought, that it would not
exceed more than five thousand pages. But as it progressed, its
dimensions stared me in the face, I realised that even with ten
thousand pages, I would not be able to claim that a comprehensive
job had been done. The Foreign Secretary who reviewed the
project midway in December 2008, felt that it was for the first time
that such a study was being attempted and one did not know, when
and if at all, another such effort would be made. He therefore
advised that we should aim at a comprehensive job even if it meant
ten thousand pages. Hence the present study of ten volumes.
Having said that let me hasten to add that given the dimensions of
the subject, I find it difficult to claim that these volumes are indeed
a comprehensive work. Perhaps another ten volumes would be
needed to make such a claim. But that is for another day.
10. It may not be irrelevant to point out here that for the present
project as well as for other projects referred to above, I did not
receive any grant or financial assistance from any source. These
studies have somehow, been financed out of my own, not too deep
pockets. However, the External Publicity Division and later the
Public Diplomacy Division of the Ministry of External Affairs
extended their help by the purchase of sufficient number of copies
on publication. The sale proceeds from one project got ploughed
in the other and the cycle kept running. I feel grateful to the Ministry
of External Affairs for this arrangement. But the entire risk was mine.
11. In preparation of this study, as hinted above, I have drawn
extensively on the archival holdings of the National Archives of
India, the Archives and Record Management Division of the Ministry
of External Affairs and Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. I will
like to extend my grateful thanks to all of them for giving me access
to their material. I also drew heavily on the Libraries of the Ministry
of External Affairs, Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, India
International Centre, The United Services Institution and the
Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis. I am grateful to the
officers and staff of these institutions. I particularly like to mention
the Library of the India International Centre, where I finally sat down
day after day, while working on the final stages of this project, and
received the unstinted support and help from the Chief Librarian
Dr. Maujamdar and his able officers, Shafali, Rajiv and others. Many
thanks to all of them.
12. Ever since I embarked on the present journey in 1993, Shri
Shivshankar Menon has been a great motivator and source of help
in every way, as Joint Secretary (North), as High Commissioner in
Sri Lanka, and later as High Commissioner in Islamabad and as
Foreign Secretary. His help and guidance saw me through many
difficult phases. I owe a debt of gratitude to him.
13. I have given a rather lengthy, introduction to this multi-volumebook.
A narrative of this nature needed a second opinion, and
reading through. Many friends were kind enough to offer their
valuable time to go through it. Though they were reluctant to get
their names mentioned, I do wish to thank them by name and
therefore I am taking the liberty of mentioning their names; M/S
Jagmohan, Satish Chandra, TCA Rangachari, and M.L. Chhibber.
They made valuable comments. My sincere thanks to all of them.
I also owe thanks to my daughter Puneet and daughter-in-law
Kamaljeet for reading though the pages with meticulous care.
Finally Miss Priya Rana with her fine pen, tuned the whole
introduction and crossed the t's and doted the i's. Many thanks to
her for this painstaking job well done.
14. Dr. TCA Raghvan was a great help in the preparation of these
volumes with his advice and guidance. I take this opportunity to
extend my grateful thanks to him.
15. Shri Ravi Kumar and his assistant Sameer Mishra slogged a
lot to put the material on the computer and see it through the various
stages of printing. They worked with me throughout the five years
that took this project to complete. Both need a special mention
and my sincere thanks to both of them.
16. In reproducing the documents, I have made every effort to
adhere to the original text both in terms of the punctuation and the
spellings of the names of various persons and places as occurring
in the original.
17. As indicated above I received help and sought opinion of
many persons in the preparation of this study and in giving the
introduction and they have been generous with their help and
comments. But finally I must remain fully responsible for the views
expressed in giving the introduction or in giving the footnotes to
the documents, or for any other deficiency that may be found in
these volumes.